ABSTRACT Meningococcal carriage is a prerequisite for invasive infection. This cross-sectional study assessed the pharyngeal carriage prevalence in healthy subjects aged 1-24 years in Embu das Artes city, São Paulo, Brazil. Pharyngeal swabs were examined for the presence of Neisseria meningitidis. The isolates were tested for different serogroups using agglutination and polymerase chain reaction. A logistic regression model assessed any independent association between Neisseria meningitidis carriage and various risk factors. A total of 87/967 subjects (9%, 95% Confidence Interval (CI): 7.3-11.0) tested positive for N. meningitidis: 6.2% (95% CI: 3.8-9.4) in 1-4 years, 8.5% (95% CI: 5.1-13.0) in 5-9 years, 12.5% (95% CI: 7.8-18.6) in 10-14 years, 12.6% (95% CI: 7.4-19.7) in 15-19 years and 9% (95% CI: 4.9-14.9) in 20-24 years age groups. Highest carriage prevalence was observed in adolescents 10-19 years old. Serogroup C was predominant (18.4%) followed by serogroup B (12.6%). The 15-19 years age group showed a significant association between number of household members and carriers of N. meningitidis. This cross-sectional study is the first in Brazil to evaluate meningococcal carriage prevalence and associated factors in a wide age range.

Abstract Data on the burden of disease and circulation patterns of influenza B lineages for Brazil are limited. This review aims to describe the pattern of influenza B occurrence in Brazil to have a better understanding of its epidemiology and its relevance when considering seasonal influenza vaccine composition. A review of the data including analysis of international and local surveillance data as well as information from online search of databases using Medical Subject Headings terms in conjunction with screening of abstracts from scientific events was performed. Based on international epidemiologic surveillance data, moderate levels of influenza B disease (19%; 2006–2014) were observed. Of these nine years, it was possible to compare data from three years (2007, 2008 and 2013) which have information on the circulating influenza B lineage. Co-circulation of influenza B lineages was observed in all these three influenza seasons, of which, during one season, a high degree of mismatch between the vaccine lineage and the predominant circulating lineage (91.4% [2013]) was observed. Local surveillance data reveal a distinct and dynamic distribution of respiratory viruses over the years. Data from published literature and abstracts show that influenza B is a significant cause of disease with an unpredictable circulation pattern and showing trends indicating reemergence of the B/Victoria lineage. The abstracts report notable levels of co-circulation of both influenza B lineages (2000–2013). Mismatch between the Southern hemisphere vaccine and the most prevalent circulating viruses in Brazil were observed in five influenza seasons. The evidence on co-circulation of two influenza B lineages and mismatched seasons in Brazil indicates the benefit of quadrivalent influenza vaccines in conferring broader seasonal influenza protection. Additionally, improving influenza surveillance platforms in Brazil is important for monitoring disease trends and the impact of introducing seasonal influenza vaccination.

OBJECTIVES: To determine the direct medical costs of health care services for cases of invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) and pneumonia acquired in the community and confirmed by radiology (NAC-Rx) among Chilean children. METHODS: A prospective follow-up study of the health services delivered to 594 children 0-35 months of age with IPD and 1 489 children 1-35 months with NAC-Rx, diagnosed and treated by organizations within public health network of the Región Metropolitana de Chile. The value of the health services was established according to rates supplied by the Fondo Nacional de Salud (FONASA, the National Health Fund) and prices charged by two private clinics. The national IPD and NAC-Rx rates were estimated to calculate the total national economic burden for the population covered by state health insurance. RESULTS: The mean cost of cases requiring hospitalization was US$ 1056.20 for IPD and US$ 594.80 for NAC-Rx, while that of cases treated by out-patient services was US$ 77.70 and US$ 65.20, respectively. The cost of the same services for in-patient care at the private clinics was US$ 4484.10 and US$ 2962.70 at one clinic and US$ 9967.50 and US$ 6578.40 at the other. The estimated national annual cost of services for children under 5 years of age, according to FONASA rates, was US$ 789045 for IPD and US$ 13823289 for NAC-Rx. CONCLUSION: The high demand for services and financial resources for NAC-Rx in children 0-3 years of age is a tremendously powerful public health reason to support the routine use of pneumococcal vaccination in Chilean children.

OBJETIVOS: Determinar los costos médicos directos relacionados con la atención sanitaria de los casos de enfermedades neumocócicas invasoras (ENI) y neumonías adquiridas en la comunidad confirmadas mediante radiología (NAC-Rx) en niños chilenos. MÉTODO: Estudio de seguimiento prospectivo de las prestaciones de salud entregadas a 594 niños de 0 a 35 meses con ENI y 1489 niños de 1 a 35 meses con NAC-Rx, diagnosticados y tratados en establecimientos de la red pública de salud de la Región Metropolitana de Chile. Las prestaciones se valoraron según las tarifas del Fondo Nacional de Salud (FONASA) y los precios de dos clínicas privadas. Se estimó la incidencia nacional anual de ENI y NAC-Rx para calcular la carga económica total nacional de la población afiliada al seguro de salud estatal. RESULTADOS: Los costos promedio de los casos que requirieron hospitalización fueron US$ 1056,20 para las ENI y US$ 594,80 para las NAC-Rx, mientras que para los casos tratados en forma ambulatoria fueron US$ 77,70 y US$ 65,20, respectivamente. Los precios por los mismos servicios de internación fueron US$ 4484,10 y US$ 2962,70 en una de las clínicas privadas y US$ 9967,50 y US$ 6578,40 en la otra. El costo anual nacional estimado de la atención de los niños menores de 5 años según las tarifas de FONASA fue de US$ 789045 para las ENI y US$ 13823289 para las NAC-Rx. CONCLUSIONES: La alta demanda asistencial y económica por NAC-Rx en niños de 0 a 3 años es una razón de salud pública tremendamente poderosa que apoya el uso sistemático de la vacunación antineumocócica en niños chilenos.